Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air interface. WCDMA; TD- SCDMA. Base stations are referred to as Node-B and control equipment for. 3G CDMA - WCDMA and cdma W-CDMA Versus cdma [2] . [4] “ CDMA Evolution from IS, IS, to 1XTREME,” Technology Transfer Training. GSM Technology. GSM is now a worldwide standard. GSM uses Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA technology as their air interface standard. TDMA has.

This allows several users to share a band of frequencies see bandwidth. For example, binary string is represented by the vector 1, 0, 1, 1. Further, after decoding, all values greater than 0 are interpreted as 1, while all values less than zero are interpreted as 0. Since this cannot be perfectly controlled in a mobile environment, each time slot must have a guard time, which reduces the probability that users will interfere, but decreases the spectral efficiency.

Channel access methods Code division multiple access Multiplexing Radio resource management Media access control. If any or all of the unwanted signals are much stronger than the desired signal, they will overwhelm it.

The frequencies used in different cells must be planned carefully to ensure signals from different cells do not interfere with each other. In other words, unlike synchronous CDMA, the signals of other users will appear as noise to the signal of interest and interfere slightly with the desired signal in proportion to number of users.

Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate.

In CDMA cellular, the base station uses a fast closed-loop power-control scheme to tightly control each mobile’s transmit power. Asynchronous CDMA offers a key advantage in the flexible allocation of resources i.

In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted. Similarly, FDMA systems must use a guard band between adjacent channels, due to the unpredictable Doppler shift of the signal spectrum because of user mobility. Suppose there are 2 N users that only talk half of the time, then 2 N users can be accommodated with the same average bit error probability as N users that talk all of the time.

An example of technolpgy mutually orthogonal digital signals is shown in the figure below. Frequency reuse is the ability to reuse the same radio channel frequency at other cell sites within a cellular system. The best signal quality is selected until the technoolgy is complete. A rake receiver combines the information from several correlators, each one tuned to a different path delay, producing a stronger version of the signal than a simple receiver with a single correlation tuned to the path delay of the strongest signal.

For instance, if there are N time slots in a TDMA system and 2 N users that talk half of the time, then half of the time there will be more than N users needing to use more than N time slots.

Since each of the 64 Walsh codes is orthogonal to cdja other, the signals are channelized into 64 orthogonal signals.

How Cell Phones Work

Each user is associated with a different code, say v. Code-division multiple access CDMA is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple accesswhere several transmitters technnology send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. TDMA systems must carefully synchronize the transmission times of all the users to ensure that they are received in ccma correct time slot and do not cause interference.

There is no strict limit to the number of users that can be supported in an asynchronous CDMA system, only a rechnology limit governed by the desired bit error probability since the SIR signal-to-interference ratio varies inversely with the number of users. Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks. Start with a set of vectors that are mutually orthogonal.

It was placed in the trunk of the vehicles of high-ranking officials and used a standard handset in the passenger compartment. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Since the spread-spectrum signal occupies a large bandwidth, only a small portion of this will undergo fading due to multipath at any given time.

CDMA is used as the access method in many mobile phone standards. CDMA can also effectively reject narrow-band interference.

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Gold codes are an example of a PN suitable for this purpose, as there is low correlation between the codes. Values of exactly 0 means that the sender did not transmit any data, as in the following example:. Digitally, this behaviour can be modelled by the addition of the transmission vectors, component by component. The data signal is also binary and the time multiplication is achieved with a simple XOR function.

CDMA is a spread-spectrum multiple-access [8] technique. In a hard-hand-off flletype, as the mobile telephone approaches a hand-off, signal strength may vary abruptly. An example of orthogonal functions is shown in the adjacent picture. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The technology of code-division multiple access channels has long been known.

Because signal0 and signal1 are transmitted at the same time into the air, they add to produce the raw signal. This leads to a general requirement in any asynchronous CDMA system to approximately match the various signal power levels as seen at the receiver.

Code-division multiple access - Wikipedia

The following table shows the decode at the receiver:. One of the initial reasons for doing this was military applications including guidance and communication systems. Now, due to physical properties of interference, if two signals at a point are in phase, they add to give twice the amplitude of each signal, but if they are out of phase, they subtract and give a signal that is the difference of the amplitudes. If the code is correlated with the signal at any time offset other than zero, the correlation should be as close to zero as possible.

To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA crma spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme where each transmitter is assigned a code. Proceedings of the Leningrad Experimental Institute of Communication: